Part I Calcium Orthophosphates (CaPO4): Occurrence, Properties, and Biomimetics

1 Introduction

References

2 Geological and Biological Occurrences

References

3 The Members of CaPO4 Family

3.1 MCPM

3.2 MCPA (or MCP)

3.3 DCPD

3.4 DCPA (or DCP)

3.5 OCP

3.6 β-TCP

3.7 α-TCP

3.8 ACP

3.9 CDHA (or Ca-def HA, or CDHAp)

3.10 HA (or HAp, or OHAp)

3.11 FA (or FAp)

3.12 OA (or OAp, or OXA)

3.13 TTCP (or TetCP)

3.14 Biphasic, Triphasic, and Multiphasic CaPO4 Formulations

3.15 Ion-Substituted CaPO4

References

4 Biological Hard Tissues of CaPO4

4.1 Bone

4.2 Teeth

4.3 Antlers

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5 Pathological Calcification of CaPO4

References

6 Biomimetic Crystallization of CaPO4

References

7 Conclusions and Outlook

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Part II Calcium Orthophosphate Bioceramics in Medicine

8 Introduction

References

9 General Knowledge and Definitions

References

10 Bioceramics of CaPO4

10.1 History

10.2 Chemical Composition and Preparation

10.3 Forming and Shaping

10.4 Sintering and Firing

References

11 TheMajor Properties

11.1 Mechanical Properties

11.2 Electric/Dielectric and Piezoelectric Properties

11.3 Possible Transparency

11.4 Porosity

References

12 Biomedical Applications

12.1 Self-Setting (Self-Hardening) Formulations

12.2 Coatings, Films, and Layers

12.3 Functionally Graded Bioceramics

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13 Biological Properties and In Vivo Behavior

13.1 Interactions with Surrounding Tissues and the Host Responses

13.2 Osteoinduction

13.3 Biodegradation

13.4 Bioactivity

13.5 Cellular Response

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14 Nonbiomedical Applications of CaPO4

References

15 CaPO4 Bioceramics in Tissue Engineering

15.1 Tissue Engineering

15.2 Scaffolds and Their Properties

15.3 Bioceramic Scaffolds from CaPO4

15.4 A Clinical Experience

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16 Conclusions and Outlook

References

Part III Biocomposites fromCalcium Orthophosphates

17 Introduction

Abbreviations

References

18 General Information and Knowledge

References

19 The Major Constituents of Biocomposites and Hybrid Biomaterials for Bone Grafting

19.1 CaPO4

19.2 Polymers

19.3 Inorganic Materials and Compounds

19.3.1 Metals

19.3.2 Glasses and Glass-Ceramics

19.3.3 Ceramics

19.3.4 Carbon

References

20 Biocomposites and Hybrid Biomaterials Based on CaPO4

20.1 Biocomposites with Polymers

20.1.1 Apatite-Based Formulations

20.1.2 TCP-Based Formulations

20.1.3 Formulations Based on Other Types of CaPO4

20.2 Self-Setting Formulations

20.3 Formulations Based on Nanodimensional CaPO4 and Nanodimensional Biocomposites

20.4 Biocomposites with Collagen

20.5 Formulations with Other Bioorganic Compounds and/or Biological Macromolecules

20.6 Injectable Bone Substitutes (IBSs)

20.7 Biocomposites with Glasses, Inorganic Compounds, Carbon, and Metals

20.8 Functionally Graded Formulations

20.9 Biosensors

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21 Interaction among the Phases in CaPO4-Based Formulations

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22 Bioactivity and Biodegradation of CaPO4-Based Formulations

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23 Some Challenges and Critical Issues

References 396

24 Conclusions

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