Part I Calcium Orthophosphates (CaPO4): Occurrence, Properties, and Biomimetics
1 Introduction
References
2 Geological and Biological Occurrences
References
3 The Members of CaPO4 Family
3.1 MCPM
3.2 MCPA (or MCP)
3.3 DCPD
3.4 DCPA (or DCP)
3.5 OCP
3.6 β-TCP
3.7 α-TCP
3.8 ACP
3.9 CDHA (or Ca-def HA, or CDHAp)
3.10 HA (or HAp, or OHAp)
3.11 FA (or FAp)
3.12 OA (or OAp, or OXA)
3.13 TTCP (or TetCP)
3.14 Biphasic, Triphasic, and Multiphasic CaPO4 Formulations
3.15 Ion-Substituted CaPO4
References
4 Biological Hard Tissues of CaPO4
4.1 Bone
4.2 Teeth
4.3 Antlers
References
5 Pathological Calcification of CaPO4
References
6 Biomimetic Crystallization of CaPO4
References
7 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Part II Calcium Orthophosphate Bioceramics in Medicine
8 Introduction
References
9 General Knowledge and Definitions
References
10 Bioceramics of CaPO4
10.1 History
10.2 Chemical Composition and Preparation
10.3 Forming and Shaping
10.4 Sintering and Firing
References
11 TheMajor Properties
11.1 Mechanical Properties
11.2 Electric/Dielectric and Piezoelectric Properties
11.3 Possible Transparency
11.4 Porosity
References
12 Biomedical Applications
12.1 Self-Setting (Self-Hardening) Formulations
12.2 Coatings, Films, and Layers
12.3 Functionally Graded Bioceramics
References
13 Biological Properties and In Vivo Behavior
13.1 Interactions with Surrounding Tissues and the Host Responses
13.2 Osteoinduction
13.3 Biodegradation
13.4 Bioactivity
13.5 Cellular Response
References
14 Nonbiomedical Applications of CaPO4
References
15 CaPO4 Bioceramics in Tissue Engineering
15.1 Tissue Engineering
15.2 Scaffolds and Their Properties
15.3 Bioceramic Scaffolds from CaPO4
15.4 A Clinical Experience
References
16 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Part III Biocomposites fromCalcium Orthophosphates
17 Introduction
Abbreviations
References
18 General Information and Knowledge
References
19 The Major Constituents of Biocomposites and Hybrid Biomaterials for Bone Grafting
19.1 CaPO4
19.2 Polymers
19.3 Inorganic Materials and Compounds
19.3.1 Metals
19.3.2 Glasses and Glass-Ceramics
19.3.3 Ceramics
19.3.4 Carbon
References
20 Biocomposites and Hybrid Biomaterials Based on CaPO4
20.1 Biocomposites with Polymers
20.1.1 Apatite-Based Formulations
20.1.2 TCP-Based Formulations
20.1.3 Formulations Based on Other Types of CaPO4
20.2 Self-Setting Formulations
20.3 Formulations Based on Nanodimensional CaPO4 and Nanodimensional Biocomposites
20.4 Biocomposites with Collagen
20.5 Formulations with Other Bioorganic Compounds and/or Biological Macromolecules
20.6 Injectable Bone Substitutes (IBSs)
20.7 Biocomposites with Glasses, Inorganic Compounds, Carbon, and Metals
20.8 Functionally Graded Formulations
20.9 Biosensors
References
21 Interaction among the Phases in CaPO4-Based Formulations
References
22 Bioactivity and Biodegradation of CaPO4-Based Formulations
References
23 Some Challenges and Critical Issues
References 396
24 Conclusions
References